• What is the name of the first Computer Network
  ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network)
• A computer cannot ‘boot’ if it does not have an?
  Operating system.
• Where are the CPU and memory located
  On the Motherboard.
  
• Data in computer is always stored and sent in binary form, Binary form means all data is in the form of 1’s and 0’s.

• CPU – Central Processing Unit
• RAM – Random Access Memory
• Storage – this could be an SSD, HDD or m.2 or something else.
• PSU – Power Supply Unit
• GPU – Graphics Processing Unit (either discrete like a graphics card or onboard the CPU)

Basic Input Output System.

A BIOS is used for Loading the operating system.
The BIOS is stored in flash memory, which is located on the motherboard.

What is the Boot sector?

A boot sector, also known as a boot record, is a small, crucial section of a storage device, typically a hard drive or a solid-state drive (SSD), that plays a fundamental role in the computer’s startup process. It is the initial sector that is read by the computer’s firmware or BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) when the system is powered on or restarted.

The boot sector contains essential information and instructions that are necessary for the computer to load its operating system (OS). It typically includes:

1. Bootloader Code: This code instructs the computer on how to proceed with the boot process. It often provides options for selecting which operating system to load if there are multiple OS installations on the same system.

2. Partition Information: If the storage device is partitioned into multiple sections, the boot sector provides information about the structure and location of these partitions.

3. File System Information: The boot sector contains details about the file system used on the storage device. This information is crucial for the OS to access and manage the stored data.

4. Disk Signature: A unique identifier for the storage device, which helps the system differentiate between different drives.

When you turn on your computer, the firmware or BIOS first reads the boot sector from the storage device specified in the boot order. This sector’s instructions guide the system on how to proceed to load the OS into memory, enabling the computer to become operational.

A corrupted or damaged boot sector can lead to booting issues and prevent the operating system from loading. In such cases, repairs or recovery methods may be required to restore the functionality of the boot sector and the overall system.

What is CMOS?

CMOS stands for “Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor,” and it refers to a type of semiconductor technology used in the design and manufacturing of integrated circuits, including microprocessors, memory chips, and various digital logic circuits. CMOS technology has become a fundamental building block in modern electronics due to its low power consumption, high integration density, and compatibility with digital circuits.

In the context of computers, the term “CMOS” is often associated with the CMOS battery and the CMOS setup/utility, which play essential roles in the operation of a computer’s hardware and firmware:

1. CMOS Battery: A small battery, usually a coin-cell battery, that powers a chip called the CMOS chip or CMOS RAM. This battery ensures that certain essential system information, such as date, time, hardware configuration, and system settings, is retained even when the computer is powered off. If the CMOS battery becomes depleted or fails, the computer may lose this information, leading to issues such as incorrect date and time settings or BIOS configuration resets.

2. CMOS Setup/Utility: The CMOS setup, also known as the BIOS setup or UEFI setup, is a utility accessed during the computer’s boot process. It provides a user interface for configuring various hardware settings and parameters, such as boot order, system clock settings, CPU settings, memory timings, and more. Changes made in the CMOS setup are stored in the CMOS RAM and retained by the CMOS battery. The setup utility is used to customize the computer’s hardware behavior and functionality.

In summary, CMOS technology is a crucial aspect of modern electronics and plays a significant role in both the operation of integrated circuits and the configuration and maintenance of computer hardware settings. The CMOS battery and CMOS setup are specific components that are commonly associated with computer systems and their functionality.

Input Devices

Output Devices

Both Input/Output

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Data Security: Data security refers to the practice of safeguarding digital information and preventing unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. It encompasses a range of measures and protocols designed to protect sensitive data from theft, breaches, or cyberattacks. Effective data security involves encryption, access controls, regular backups, network monitoring, and adherence to best practices to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.

Virus: A virus is a type of malicious software that attaches itself to legitimate programs or files and replicates when those programs or files are executed. Viruses can spread rapidly and cause harm by corrupting or destroying data, disrupting system operations, and compromising the security of a computer or network.

Types of Viruses and Vulnerabilities:

• File Infectors: These viruses attach themselves to executable files and spread when the infected file is executed.
• Macro Viruses: These viruses target macros in documents, spreadsheets, and other files, spreading when macros are enabled.
• Boot Sector Viruses: These infect the boot sector of storage devices, making them activate when the computer starts.
• Polymorphic Viruses: These change their code to evade detection by antivirus programs.
• Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: These are security flaws unknown to software developers, making systems vulnerable to attacks until a patch is released.

Mitigation Strategies:

• Keep software up to date with patches and security updates.
• Use reputable antivirus and antimalware software.
• Be cautious when downloading files or clicking links.
• Implement strong network security measures, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
• Regularly back up data to prevent loss in case of an attack.
• Educate users about safe computing practices.

Difference Between Malware and Spyware: Malware is a broader term that encompasses various types of malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Spyware, on the other hand, is a specific type of malware designed to collect information from a device without the user’s knowledge. It can monitor online activities, track keystrokes, capture sensitive data, and transmit it to malicious actors. While spyware is a subset of malware, not all malware is spyware.